Argument Analysis Essays - Organizational Theory,

Organizational theory (OT) is "the study of organizations for the benefit of identifying common themes for the purpose of solving problems, maximizing efficiency and productivity, and meeting the needs of stakeholders." Organizational Theory contains three subtopics: classical perspective, neoclassic perspective and environmental perspective. It complements the studies of organizational behavior and human resource studies. The classical perspective emerges from the Industrial Revolution and centers on theories of efficiency. There are two subtopics under the classical perspective: the scientific management and bureaucracy theory. The Scientific Management theory was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to encourage production efficiency and productivity. Taylor argues that inefficiencies could be controlled through managing production as a science. Taylor defines scientific management as "concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do and then see in that they do it in the best and cheapest way." According to Taylor, scientific management affects both workers and employers, and stresses the control of the labour force by management. The Principles of Scientific Management Main article: The Principles of Scientific Management Taylor identifies four inherent principles of the scientific management theory. 1) The creation of a scientific method of measurement that replaces the "rule-of-thumb" method 2) Emphasis placed on the training of workers by management 3) Co-operation between manager and workers to ensure the principles are being met 4) Equal Division of labour between managers and workers. Bureaucratic Theory Developed in the Industrial Age, Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy centers around the theme of rationalization, rules and expertise. Developed from the Administrative Principles theory, the bureaucracy theory also focuses on efficiency and clear roles. The bureaucracy theory is implemented in Flat organization structures and is suited for larger organizations that require formalization of roles. Criticism of the Classical Perspective Although the classical perspective encourages efficiency, it is often criticized as ignoring the importance of human needs. This perspective rarely takes into consideration human error or the variability of work performances related to individual workers. Neoclassical Perspective The Neoclassical perspective began with the Hawthorne studies in the 1920s. This approach gave emphasis to ?affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behaviours in organizations.? The Human relations movement was a movement which had the primary concerns of concentrating on topics such as morale, leadership, and mainly factors that aid in the cooperation in Organizational behavior. Hawthorne Study A number of sociologists and psychologists made major contributions to the study of the neoclassical perspective, which is also known as the human relations school of thought. Elton Mayo and his colleagues were the most important contributors to this study because of their famous Hawthorne study from the ?Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company between 1927 and 1932.? The Hawthorne study suggested that employees have social and psychological needs along with economic needs in order to be motivated to complete their assigned tasks. This theory of management was a product of the strong opposition against ?the Scientific and universal management process theory of Taylor and Fayol.? This theory was a response to the way employees were treated in companies and how they were deprived of their needs and ambitions. Results from the Hawthorne Studies The Hawthorne studies helped conclude that ?a human/social element operated in the workplace and that productivity increases were as much an outgrowth of group dynamics as of managerial demands and physical factors.?The Hawthorne studies also concluded that although financial motives were important, social factors are just as important in defining the worker-productivity. Hawthorne Effect was the improvement of productivity between the employees, it was characterized by: The satisfactory interrelationships between the coworkers It classifies personnel as social beings and proposes that sense of belonging in the workplace is important to increase productivity levels in the workforce. An effective management understood the way people interacted and behaved within the group. The management attempts to improve the interpersonal skills through motivations, leading, communication and counseling. This study encourages managers to acquire minimal knowledge of behavioral sciences to be able to understand and improve the interactions between employees Criticism of the Hawthorne study Critics believed that Mayo gave a lot of importance to the social side of the study rather than addressing the needs of an organization. Also, they believed that the study takes advantage of employees because it influences their emotions by making it seem as if they are satisfied and content, however it is merely a tool that

Argument Analysis Essays - Organizational Theory,

Organizational theory (OT) is "the study of organizations for the benefit of identifying common themes for the purpose of solving problems, maximizing efficiency and productivity, and meeting the needs of stakeholders." Organizational Theory contains three subtopics: classical perspective, neoclassic perspective and environmental perspective. It complements the studies of organizational behavior and human resource studies. The classical perspective emerges from the Industrial Revolution and centers on theories of efficiency. There are two subtopics under the classical perspective: the scientific management and bureaucracy theory. The Scientific Management theory was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to encourage production efficiency and productivity. Taylor argues that inefficiencies could be controlled through managing production as a science. Taylor defines scientific management as "concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do and then see in that they do it in the best and cheapest way." According to Taylor, scientific management affects both workers and employers, and stresses the control of the labour force by management. The Principles of Scientific Management Main article: The Principles of Scientific Management Taylor identifies four inherent principles of the scientific management theory. 1) The creation of a scientific method of measurement that replaces the "rule-of-thumb" method 2) Emphasis placed on the training of workers by management 3) Co-operation between manager and workers to ensure the principles are being met 4) Equal Division of labour between managers and workers. Bureaucratic Theory Developed in the Industrial Age, Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy centers around the theme of rationalization, rules and expertise. Developed from the Administrative Principles theory, the bureaucracy theory also focuses on efficiency and clear roles. The bureaucracy theory is implemented in Flat organization structures and is suited for larger organizations that require formalization of roles. Criticism of the Classical Perspective Although the classical perspective encourages efficiency, it is often criticized as ignoring the importance of human needs. This perspective rarely takes into consideration human error or the variability of work performances related to individual workers. Neoclassical Perspective The Neoclassical perspective began with the Hawthorne studies in the 1920s. This approach gave emphasis to ?affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behaviours in organizations.? The Human relations movement was a movement which had the primary concerns of concentrating on topics such as morale, leadership, and mainly factors that aid in the cooperation in Organizational behavior. Hawthorne Study A number of sociologists and psychologists made major contributions to the study of the neoclassical perspective, which is also known as the human relations school of thought. Elton Mayo and his colleagues were the most important contributors to this study because of their famous Hawthorne study from the ?Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company between 1927 and 1932.? The Hawthorne study suggested that employees have social and psychological needs along with economic needs in order to be motivated to complete their assigned tasks. This theory of management was a product of the strong opposition against ?the Scientific and universal management process theory of Taylor and Fayol.? This theory was a response to the way employees were treated in companies and how they were deprived of their needs and ambitions. Results from the Hawthorne Studies The Hawthorne studies helped conclude that ?a human/social element operated in the workplace and that productivity increases were as much an outgrowth of group dynamics as of managerial demands and physical factors.?The Hawthorne studies also concluded that although financial motives were important, social factors are just as important in defining the worker-productivity. Hawthorne Effect was the improvement of productivity between the employees, it was characterized by: The satisfactory interrelationships between the coworkers It classifies personnel as social beings and proposes that sense of belonging in the workplace is important to increase productivity levels in the workforce. An effective management understood the way people interacted and behaved within the group. The management attempts to improve the interpersonal skills through motivations, leading, communication and counseling. This study encourages managers to acquire minimal knowledge of behavioral sciences to be able to understand and improve the interactions between employees Criticism of the Hawthorne study Critics believed that Mayo gave a lot of importance to the social side of the study rather than addressing the needs of an organization. Also, they believed that the study takes advantage of employees because it influences their emotions by making it seem as if they are satisfied and content, however it is merely a tool that

Argument Analysis Essays - Organizational Theory,

Organizational theory (OT) is "the study of organizations for the benefit of identifying common themes for the purpose of solving problems, maximizing efficiency and productivity, and meeting the needs of stakeholders." Organizational Theory contains three subtopics: classical perspective, neoclassic perspective and environmental perspective. It complements the studies of organizational behavior and human resource studies. The classical perspective emerges from the Industrial Revolution and centers on theories of efficiency. There are two subtopics under the classical perspective: the scientific management and bureaucracy theory. The Scientific Management theory was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to encourage production efficiency and productivity. Taylor argues that inefficiencies could be controlled through managing production as a science. Taylor defines scientific management as "concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do and then see in that they do it in the best and cheapest way." According to Taylor, scientific management affects both workers and employers, and stresses the control of the labour force by management. The Principles of Scientific Management Main article: The Principles of Scientific Management Taylor identifies four inherent principles of the scientific management theory. 1) The creation of a scientific method of measurement that replaces the "rule-of-thumb" method 2) Emphasis placed on the training of workers by management 3) Co-operation between manager and workers to ensure the principles are being met 4) Equal Division of labour between managers and workers. Bureaucratic Theory Developed in the Industrial Age, Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy centers around the theme of rationalization, rules and expertise. Developed from the Administrative Principles theory, the bureaucracy theory also focuses on efficiency and clear roles. The bureaucracy theory is implemented in Flat organization structures and is suited for larger organizations that require formalization of roles. Criticism of the Classical Perspective Although the classical perspective encourages efficiency, it is often criticized as ignoring the importance of human needs. This perspective rarely takes into consideration human error or the variability of work performances related to individual workers. Neoclassical Perspective The Neoclassical perspective began with the Hawthorne studies in the 1920s. This approach gave emphasis to ?affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behaviours in organizations.? The Human relations movement was a movement which had the primary concerns of concentrating on topics such as morale, leadership, and mainly factors that aid in the cooperation in Organizational behavior. Hawthorne Study A number of sociologists and psychologists made major contributions to the study of the neoclassical perspective, which is also known as the human relations school of thought. Elton Mayo and his colleagues were the most important contributors to this study because of their famous Hawthorne study from the ?Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company between 1927 and 1932.? The Hawthorne study suggested that employees have social and psychological needs along with economic needs in order to be motivated to complete their assigned tasks. This theory of management was a product of the strong opposition against ?the Scientific and universal management process theory of Taylor and Fayol.? This theory was a response to the way employees were treated in companies and how they were deprived of their needs and ambitions. Results from the Hawthorne Studies The Hawthorne studies helped conclude that ?a human/social element operated in the workplace and that productivity increases were as much an outgrowth of group dynamics as of managerial demands and physical factors.?The Hawthorne studies also concluded that although financial motives were important, social factors are just as important in defining the worker-productivity. Hawthorne Effect was the improvement of productivity between the employees, it was characterized by: The satisfactory interrelationships between the coworkers It classifies personnel as social beings and proposes that sense of belonging in the workplace is important to increase productivity levels in the workforce. An effective management understood the way people interacted and behaved within the group. The management attempts to improve the interpersonal skills through motivations, leading, communication and counseling. This study encourages managers to acquire minimal knowledge of behavioral sciences to be able to understand and improve the interactions between employees Criticism of the Hawthorne study Critics believed that Mayo gave a lot of importance to the social side of the study rather than addressing the needs of an organization. Also, they believed that the study takes advantage of employees because it influences their emotions by making it seem as if they are satisfied and content, however it is merely a tool that

Huck, Tom, and Moral Fiber essays

Huck, Tom, and Moral Fiber essays The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn illustrates two young boys lives as they grow together, then apart. Through their shared experiences Huck and Tom remain friends, but once Huck goes out on his own, their very different experiences lead them to very different lives. Twain suggests moral character is only formed through experience. In the beginning, Huck and Tom are relatively similar in their experience and are typical for boys of their age and civilization. Huck follows Tom a lot because he believes Tom is smart from reading all of his books. Even though Huck follows Tom he is still independent and even rebuts Tom early on in the story. When we was ten foot off Tom whispered to me, and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun. But I said no; he might wake and make a disturbance, and then theyd find out I warnt in. Then Tom said he hadnt got candles enough, and he would slip in the kitchen and get some more. I didnt want him to try. I said Jim might wake up and come. But Tom wanted to resk it; so we slid in there and got three candles and Tom laid five cents on the table for pay. (15) From this passage you can conclude that Huck has a mind of his own, he just isnt willing to use it yet. Huck also has the intention of not being sivilized. Huck says that The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out. (11) Huck still has few ideas about the ways of his society, and already despises being civilized. Although Huck seems to have had these independent characteristics from the beginning, he goes along with Tom time and again because of his lack of experience. Huck desires Tom's companionship on the adventures throughout the book. The first time Huck wishes Tom ...

Behaviour Management and Purposeful Learning Essay - 1

Behaviour Management and Purposeful Learning - Essay Example Behavior management is of considerable importance in the field of education. It is focused on developing the learning ability and increasing the productivity of a learner. Behavioral management is applied by teachers to increase workability of students and decreases disruption in the study environment. The techniques and principles employed in behavioral management are of consistent nature. It is very essential for teachers to establish a comfortable relationship with their students as behavioral management set a foundation for teachers to work on the students. According to McGrann,(2011)â€Å"If we focus on positive behaviors and build a trusting, respectful relationship with our students, we are ensuring a successful school year for our students and for ourselves†. In behavioral management as systematic approach is initialized to the aid the better learning of the students. Students can be only successful in their learning if they are trained under proper behavioral management techniques. Most of the teachers around the world make use of behavioral management techniques to empower the learning system of their students. Behavioral management also allows cultivating discipline, caring and consistency in the learning behavior of pupil. Different Psychological Perspective in Behavioral Management In behavioral management, different psychological theories are applied to control the behavioral pattern of the learners. The three main behavioral psychological theories which are considered here are as follows. I)Behaviorism Theory: According to behaviorism theory, it is believed that the learning potential of a learner is based on the conditioning he achieved. Conditioning is an aspect achieved thorough interaction with the external environment. In his article Cherry,(2011) writes that â€Å"According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states†. The conditioning itself can be classified in to two category as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is a technique in which natural stimulus is related to a response and later a natural stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus. In the end the neutral stimulus comes to create respo nse without the assistance of natural stimulus. Whereas, operant conditioning is a process by which learning is achieved through rewards and punishments. In operant conditioning a connection is created between behavior and its consequence. Behaviorism relies upon observation and hence it is easier to quantify the learning outcome of the students and it also aids in collecting data when researches are conducted in class rooms. Behaviorism technique is extremely helpful when predicative changes are needed as to the harmful behavior of adults and children. However, critics claim that it is one – dimensional approach and it does not have the ability to influence the feelings and moods of the learner. It is also observed that behaviorism cannot be applied to learning process where punishments and reinforcement are not a part. Cognitive Theory Cognitive theory is a learning theory in which human behaviorism is explained with the help of understanding the processing of thoughts in h uman mind. According to this theory, it is believed that human being have logical nature and make choices according to his sensibility. Here human mind is compared to a computer as his information processing is

An Evaluation of the Recent IEEE 802.11ac Wireless Protocol Term Paper

An Evaluation of the Recent IEEE 802.11ac Wireless Protocol - Term Paper Example These tests will be done basing on a coding that was made using the MIMO technology. Regardless of the significance steps in technology, the wireless used today, LAN cannot present a sustained bandwidth of the same level with those of other wireless technologies. Therefore it was seen necessary to design another technology that was to be improved on its speed and efficiency. The main objective of the IEEE and the other organizations that are involved in drafting standards. Its aim in expanding the capabilities of 802.11n so that the speed for Wi-Fi can be improved according to the demands of those who use Wi-Fi. To improve the Wi-Fi efficiency it is proposed that the best way will be to break the barrier of the 1GB, which will be seen as the greatest achievement. For the many technologies that have come up to improve the Wi-Fi efficiency, 802.11ac is one of them and it is being adopted as the best in the consumer space. The suggested improvements that are to be made on the 802.11ac will enable it to have multiple streams of high-definition video on the Wi-Fi network s that are used at home. Other devices that will use the Wi-Fi for high resolution videos are the smart phones that are increasingly being put on the market and the new design of tablets. This article also discusses the security matters of using the wireless techniques. It views the : IEEE 802.11ac is one of the wireless networks that need to be approved by the international standard for it to start offering the wireless network services. This network is expected to take over the existing 802.11n. as it is planned, 802.11n is supposed to support the operations in the 2.4 GHz band. Using the network system is both advantageous and disadvantageous. The advantage is that it is fast and can be used anywhere there is the network, but the disadvantage is that the personal information is not guaranteed security and most of the time information is leaked

Gender stereotypes and perceptions in society

Gender stereotypes and perceptions in society Stereotype refers to the cognition aspect of feeling towards a given group of people. It is the picture that most people engulf in their minds about other people. However the picture painted by people with regard to other people is not necessarily a true depiction of the reality. Stereotypes hold the fixed view that people of a certain community or group exhibit specific character traits, which influence their behavior in general. Stereotypes as regards gender, refer to certain traits presumably adhered to males and females in the society, that define and distinguish these genders. According to Mynhardt, the two genders (males and females) portray traits which are both negative and positive. Gender stereotypes have far reaching consequences and cannot be taken only on face value. The issue of gender stereotyping is deeply entrenched in our society, that it has gone to an extent of defining the status of people and the positions people hold depending on gender. For instance, the chara cter traits associated with women are regarded to be unfit for positions of a higher stature. This kind of attitude is not new even in the developed world. For instance at the height of campaigns in the United States, there were numerous debates on and off the media on whether America was ready for a woman president. This certainly illustrates the biased perceptions that more often than not prevent women from reaching the positions at the highest level, simply because of the gender. There are certain aspects of everyday life that are traditionally attributed to males and females in the society. The manner in which the men and women carry themselves around is fundamental to the definition and distinction of gender in general. There are acts both of omission and commission that are associated with each gender. However as days go by, the society undergoes transformation and so do the traditions and cultures that shape and influence the society as whole. In the family set up for example, the different roles are distributed depending on gender. There are also perceptions relating to the behavior of people that distinguish what are expected and what is not expected from people of a given gender. For example sensitivity, dependence and expression of emotions are considered feminine in nature. The men on the other hand are expected to exhibit traits such are bravery, independence, assertiveness and none of those traits that are associated with the women. However these c ultures that build perceptions continue to fade with each passing day. As a result, there are many incidences of deviation from gender roles prescribed by society. The violation of these gender role stereotypes are accompanied by consequences largely due to the perceptions held by the society. Violation of gender role stereotypes The reception to those who deviate from the normal traits associated to their respective genders is no bed of Roses. The manner in which the violators are treated is no doubt unfavorable in most aspects. The reception however differs depending on the environmental set up and more so whether the person is male or female. In the event that males and females deviate from the roles prescribed by society as regards their gender, the males are more likely to receive a hostile reception. The women on the other hand, will most likely receive little attention. This all has to do with the issue of status in social aspects. There is the general perception that the masculine traits occupy a higher stature than feminine traits. Looking at the issue of sexual orientation, for woman behaving in a masculine way, it does not raise eyebrows, however if a man were to behave like a woman, this will no doubt be a big deal. The man will most certainly be referred to as a homosexual. In the work place howe ver it is the women on the receiving end in the event of deviation. A woman who is charge of a given organization will most likely receive an unfavorable evaluation compared to a man, if she acts in a manner that violates the perceived traits of women and takes the route of a leader which is authority and commanding results in the work place. Social perception of males and females who violate gender role stereotypes There are numerous perceptions as regards the question of gender role violation. However according to Sirin, Selcuk R., McCreary, Donald R., Mahalik, and James R. authors of the journal of menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s studies, the notable social perceptions revolve around social status, sexual orientation and the dissimilarity of value. The perceptions exhibited are most of the time firmly in the grip of culture and are subsequently fuelled and driven by the traditions of the people in the society. The issue of culture and tradition set aside, expectations also play a significant role. There is a general expectation from both genders on the manner in which the other gender should behave. One thing cut across the divide and this is the fact that women anchor the expectation that men should display masculinity. The same is anticipated by men who are of the view that women should be feminine. Any sort of trait that does not meet the above expectations, it is considered a violation of gender r ole stereotype, which is accompanied by negative perceptions. For a long time, gender has maintained a significant influence in the manner in which people conduct themselves in the society. The issue of status as regards the males and the females is what dictates the way in which males and females are regarded in the event that they violate the prescribed code of conduct that is attributed to their respective genders. According to Feinman, in relation to the social status model, he writes that the men have a status that is superior to that of women. Going by the model on social status, then men will more often than not face an unfavorable evaluation, should they violate the prescribed code of conduct for their gender this is because, the violation means that they lose class when they deviate from a status of a higher nature to a status that is low. For women whenever they deviate from perceived traits are assumed to be transforming from a lower status to a higher status. Hence the social perception with regard to the violation of gender role st ereotypes is positive to a large extent. This is no doubt something that is rife in the society, as a matter of common societal law, to whom much is given a lot, is expected. For instance woman who dresses and behaves like a man will most likely go unnoticed or may even command respect from people around. This however is not the case in men. A man who dresses and behaves like a woman will most likely be despised. To a large extent this is all attributed to the distinction of the social status between the men and women. According to Feinman the male role is more valuable than that of the female. He further writes that it is acceptable for women to adopt the roles of men rather than men take up the roles of women. Violation of the gender role stereotype has consequences for both the males and the females. However there is no denying the fact that, the reception received by the males as regards their transgressions is more hostile compared to the women. If anything the women may in some instances be perceived in a positive way. The issue of desire is the other frontier for the perceptions of gender stereotypes. According to Sadalla, Kenrick, and Vershure (1987), men who show traits of not being dominant are deemed to be undesirable. This perception is however not just directly related only to the dominance aspects, but to all traits in general. There is the general perception that, men who exhibit traits that are a deviation from the known male traits are not desirable especially from the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view. The other perception that is anchored in the minds of the people is the issue of respect in the society. This directly affects men in a negative way and does not have any negative impact on women who violate the gender role stereotype. It is perceived that, men who deviate from the normal societal norms loose respect from their peers and even the society in general. For women on the contrary, the perception is that, they will command respect and admiration from their peers in the event that they deviate from the prescribed societal code for the female gender. The perceptions on women who violate the gender role stereotype is not at all constant, it keeps changing depending on the environmental set up. For the men however, the perceptions when they deviate from the gender role stereotype are the same and fixed, at no time will the transgression committed by men receive a positive evaluation. Conclusion The gender stereotypes and overall stereotyping continues to not only shape but also influence the behavior of all people regardless of the environmental setup. As illustrated above, the burden to conform to societal norms associated with gender is more often than not rested on men to shoulder it. This is not to say that women do shoulder any negative perceptions, the women too have their fair share of tribulations that arise from the gender role stereotype. Even so, regardless of the environmental set up, the perception is that the men will always get a hostile reception when they violate the gender role stereotypes compared to women.